Markaad isticmaasho makiinadaha raadinta kala duwan si aad u baadho "Metallurgy Japan", waxaad ogaan doontaa in dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee maqaallada iyo fiidiyowyada la baaray ay sheegaan in birta Japan ay ka horreyso adduunka sanado badan, Shiinaha, Mareykanka iyo Ruushka ma fiicna. sida Japan, oo ku faanaysa Japan oo ku tallaabsanaysa Shiinaha, Maraykanka iyo Ruushka, laakiin taasi dhab ahaantii ma jirtaa?Mobei waxa ay si qoto dheer ugu hawlanayd warshadaha xajinta sanado badan.Waa inay saxdo magaca birta birta ee Shiinaha oo ay muujiso heerka dhabta ah ee birta Shiinaha, taas oo aad uga fog filashadaada!
Warshadaha biraha waxay daboolaan noocyo badan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan biraha birta ah ee kala duwan iyo kuwa aan birta ahayn.Way adagtahay in si toos ah loo barbardhigo dalka hogaaminaya.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way fududahay in la xaqiijiyo in birta Japan ay hogaaminayso adduunka.Waxaan marka hore u fiirsan karnaa xaaladda suuqa guud ee warshadaha birta, ka dibna si qoto dheer u fahmaan qaabka tartanka ee qaar ka mid ah alaabta macdanta muhiimka ah.Isku soo wada duuboo, suuqa dhoofinta birta adduunku waa 380 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah, birta Shiinaha ee dhoofisa waa 39.8 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah, kan Japan waa 26.7 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah, kan Jarmalku waa 25.4 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah, Kuuriyada Koonfureed waa 23.5 bilyan doolarka Maraykanka ah, kan Ruushkana waa 19.8 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah. .Marka la eego xogta dhoofinta birta, Shiinaha ayaa ka horreeya Japan.Dadka qaarkiis waxay odhan doonaan "Birta Shiinaha waa mid weyn laakiin ma xoog badna", laakiin Shiinaha ayaa runtii sarif badan ka helay dhoofinta birta.Marka loo eego xogta guud ee dhoofinta birta, Japan ma hogaaminayso adduunka.Marka xigta, tartanka alaabada macdanta muhiimka ah ayaa la falanqeynayaa.Silsiladda qiimaha ee Ahraamta birta birta ah ee sare ilaa hoose waa: superalloy, qalab iyo birta dhinta, birta sidata, birta xoogga ultra-sare leh, birta aan lahayn iyo birta cayriin.
Superalloy
Aynu ka hadalno superalloys.Superalloys waxay ku yaalliin xagga sare ee silsiladda qiimaha Ahraamta.Isticmaalka superalloys-ku wuxuu ka dhigan yahay 0.02% kaliya wadarta guud ee isticmaalka birta, laakiin miisaanka suuqa ayaa ah mid aad u sarreeya ilaa tobanaan bilyan oo doolar, qiimihiisuna aad ayuu uga sarreeyaa alaabta kale ee birta ah.Marka la barbar dhigo qiimihii isla muddadaas, qiimaha halkii tan ee superalloy waxa uu gaadhayaa tobanaan kun oo doollar, qiimaha halkii tan ee birta cayriin ah waa kumannaan kun oo doollar, halka tan oo birta cayriin ah ay gaadhayso boqollaal doolar.Superalloys waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa hawada hawada iyo marawaxadaha gaaska.Ma jiraan wax ka badan 50 shirkadood oo soo saari kara Superalloys hawada hawada adduunka oo dhan.Wadamo badan ayaa u arka alaabada superalloy ee codsiyada hawada sida agab milatari oo istiraatiiji ah.
PCC (precision castparts Corp) ayaa ka mid ah shanta shirkadood ee ugu sareeya wax soo saarka superalloy caalami ah Shirkadodeeda SMC (Special Metals Corporation), VDM ee Germany, imphy alloys of France, nijaar Technology Corporation ee Maraykanka iyo ATI (Allegheny Technologies Inc) ee Maraykanka, oo markaas ku jira Hitachi birta iyo warshadaha birta ee Japan.Marka la eego wax-soo-saarka dhammaan ganacsiyada, wax-soo-saarka Maraykanku aad ayuu uga sarreeyaa kuwa dalalka kale.
Qalabka iyo dhinta birta
Qalabka iyo dhinta birta ka sokow, qalabka iyo birta dhinta waa magaca guud ee birta dhinta iyo birta-xawaaraha sare leh.Waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee dhinta iyo qalabka xawaaraha sare leh.Qalabka waxaa loo yaqaan "hooyada warshadaha casriga ah", taas oo muujinaysa muhiimada qalabka birta ee warshadaha casriga ah.Qalabka iyo birta ku dhinta waa nooc ka mid ah birta gaarka ah oo leh qiime sare oo lagu daray, qiimaha badeecaduna wuu ka sarreeyaa kan birta gaarka ah ee caadiga ah.
Shanta shirkadood ee ugu sarreeya ee ku jira wax soo saarka caalamiga ah ee qalabka iyo dhinta birta waa: Austria VAI / Voestalpine, China Tiangong international, Germany smo bigenbach / schmolz + bickenbach, Northeast China steel gaar ah, China Baowu, Japan Datong kaalinta lixaad, iyo shirkadaha Shiinaha ayaa galay kaalinta lixaad. 20 in wax soo saarka yihiin: Hebei Wenfeng kooxda warshadaha, Qilu bir gaar ah, Great Wall steel gaar ah, Taiwan Ronggang CITIC.Marka la eego 20-ka shirkadood ee ugu sarreeya ee soo saara qalabka iyo birta u dhinta, wax soo saarka qalabka iyo birta u dhinta ee Shiinaha ayaa aad uga sarreeya tan waddamada kale.
Birta sidata
Aynu ka hadalno sida birta loo qaato.Bir-dhalashadu waa mid ka mid ah noocyada birta ugu adag ee dhammaan wax soo saarka birta.Waxay leedahay shuruudo aad u adag oo ku saabsan isku midka ah ee isku-dhafka kiimikada, nuxurka iyo qaybinta ka-qaybgalayaasha aan birta ahayn iyo qaybinta carbides ee birta xajinta.Gaar ahaan, birta dhererka sare leh ee dhererka sare ee dhererka sare waa in aysan awoodin oo kaliya in ay qaadaan culeyska muddo dheer, laakiin sidoo kale waa mid sax ah, la xakameyn karo, adag oo la isku halleyn karo.Waa mid ka mid ah biraha gaarka ah ee ugu adag in la dhalaaliyo.Fushun Special Steel duulista alaabada birta sidata waxay leeyihiin saamiga suuqa gudaha in ka badan 60%.
Mugga iibka ee Daye Special Steel Bearing Steel wuxuu xisaabiyaa saddex meelood meel meel ka mid ah wadarta guud ee iibka Shiinaha, iyo birta sidata tareenada ayaa 60% ka ah saamiga suuqa qaranka.Birta xadiidka ah ee Daye Special Birta waxaa loo isticmaalaa xajmiyada tareenada xawaaraha dheereeya ee France iyo Germany, iyo sidoo kale xawaaraha tareennada xawaaraha sare leh ee laga keeno Shiinaha.Daye Special Steel, birta-dhamaadka-sare ee taageere awood-sare leh birta ugu weyn iyo canaasiirta rogmanaysa awoodda dabaysha, waxay leedahay saamiga suuqa gudaha in ka badan 85%, iyo alaabada birta sidata ee dhamaadka-sare waxaa loo dhoofiyaa Yurub, India iyo wadamo kale.
Mugga wax-soo-saarka iyo iibka ee birta xajinta ee Xingcheng Special Steel ayaa kaalinta koowaad kaga jirta Shiinaha 16 sano oo xiriir ah iyo kan ugu horreeya adduunka 10 sano oo isku xigta.Suuqa gudaha, saamiga birta wax-soo-saarka heerka sare ah ayaa gaadhay 85%.Laga soo bilaabo 2003, birta xajinta ee Xingcheng Special Steel waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah u qaatay siddeedda shirkadood ee ugu sarreeya adduunka, oo ay ku jiraan Sweden SKF, Germany Schaeffler, Japan NSK, France ntn-snr, iwm.
Marka la eego suuqa gudaha, shirkadaha Shiinaha ayaa haysta inta badan saamiga suuqa.Shiinaha waa suuq weyn.Sida iska cad waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga hadlo adduunka Shiinaha la'aanteed.Xogtaasi ma taageerto jagada hogaaminta Japan ee adduunka tobanaan sano.Erayada asalka ah ee Wang Huaishi, Xoghayaha Guud ee Ururka Ganacsiga Gaarka ah ee Shiinaha Gaarka ah, waa sida soo socota: tayada jireed ee alaabooyinka birta ah ee Shiinaha ayaa gaadhay heerka hogaaminta caalamiga ah, taas oo ka muuqata ma aha oo kaliya tilmaamayaasha farsamada, laakiin sidoo kale soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta.
Dhanka kale, tirada birta la soo dhoofiyo waa mid aad u yar, Shiinaha ayaa soo saari kara ku dhawaad dhammaan noocyada;Dhanka kale, tiro badan oo birta-dhamaadka sare leh oo laga soo saaro Shiinaha ayaa la dhoofiyaa oo ay iibsadaan shirkado caalami ah oo heersare ah.
bir xoog sare leh
Intaa waxaa dheer, birta xoogga ultra-sare waxaa loola jeedaa birta leh awood wax-soo-saar ka weyn 1180mpa iyo xoogga xajinta oo ka weyn 1380mpa.Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha hawada sare iyo warshadaha baabuurta.Waa qalab bir ah oo tignoolajiyada sare leh, kaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo qalabka soo degaya diyaaradaha iyo qaybaha badbaadada baabuurta.Badeecada birta xoogga leh ee aadka u saraysa ee wakiil ka ah garoonka baabuurta waa aluminium silikon dahaarka leh oo bir kulul sameeyay.Dahaarka aluminium silikoon wax soo saarka kulul ayaa ka dhigaya ArcelorMittal shirkadda leh saamiga ugu sarreeya suuqa ee alaabta birta ah ee BIW adduunka.ArcelorMittal aluminium aluminium silikoon dahaadhida alaabada samaysanaysa kulul waxay ku xisaabtamaysaa 20% alaabta birta ah ee loo isticmaalo BIW (ay ku jiraan shidaalka iyo baabuurta korantada) ee aduunka.
Silikon aluminium dahaarka leh 1500MPa birta kululaynta kulul ayaa ah sheyga ugu muhiimsan ee qaybaha badbaadada baabuurta, iyada oo sanad walba la isticmaalo ku dhawaad 4 milyan oo tan oo adduunka oo dhan ah.Tiknoolajiyada dahaarka aluminiumka silikon waxaa soo saaray ArcelorMittal oo ka tirsan Luxembourg 1999 waxayna si tartiib tartiib ah u sameysay monopoly adduunka oo dhan.Birta xoogga badan ee baabuurta guud waxay ku dhowdahay 5000 yuan halkii ton, halka aluminiumka silikoon dahaarka leh ee birta ka samaysan ee kulul ee ay shatidadeedu leedahay ArcelorMittal ay ka badan tahay 8000 yuan halkii ton, taas oo 60% ka qaalisan.Marka laga soo tago wax soo saarkeeda, ArcelorMittal waxa kale oo ay shatiyo siin doontaa shirkado dhawr ah oo bir ah oo adduunka ah si ay wax u soo saaraan iyo iibkooda, iyaga oo ku soo dalacaya khidmadaha shatiga shatiga ee sarreeya.Ilaa 2019, shirka baabuurta fudud ee Shiinaha, kooxda Professor Yi Hongliang, Shaybaarka Muhiimka ah ee Gobolka ee tikniyoolajiyada duubista iyo automation-ka joogtada ah ee Jaamacadda Waqooyi-bari, ayaa siidaayay tikniyoolajiyad cusub oo daahan silikon aluminium ah, jebinta 20-sano ee monopoly-ka ee ArcelorMittal.
Badeecada ugu caansan garoonka duulista waa birta caalamiga ah ee American nikkel 300M ee shirkadu waa birta soo degista ee leh awooda ugu sareysa, waxqabadka ugu fiican iyo tan ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo adduunka.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, in ka badan 90% qalabka degista ee diyaaradaha militariga iyo diyaaradaha rayidka ee ka shaqeeya Mareykanka waxay ka samaysan yihiin bir 300M ah.
Bir daxal laheyn
Marka laga reebo birta aan daxalka lahayn, magaca “stainless steel” waxa uu ka yimi in birta noocaan ahi aanay u fududayn daxalaysiga iyo miridhku sida birta caadiga ah.Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha culus, warshadaha fudud, warshadaha daruuriga ah maalin kasta, qurxinta dhismaha iyo warshadaha kale.10ka shirkadood ee ugu sareeya ee wax soo saarka birta ah ee caalamiga ah waa: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron iyo steel, South Korea POSCO birta iyo birta, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, ampron Europe, China Anshan Iron iyo birta, Lianzhong birta aan lahayn, Shiinaha Delong nikkel iyo Shiinaha Baosteel ahama.
Saamiga wax-soo-saarka birta-la'aanta ah ee caalamiga ah waa 56.3% Shiinaha, 15.1% Aasiya (marka laga reebo Shiinaha iyo Kuuriyada Koonfureed), 13% Yurub iyo 5% gudaha Mareykanka.Wax soo saarka Shiinaha aad ayuu uga sarreeyaa kuwa dalalka kale.
Bir daxal laheyn
Marka laga reebo birta aan daxalka lahayn, magaca “stainless steel” waxa uu ka yimi in birta noocaan ahi aanay u fududayn daxalaysiga iyo miridhku sida birta caadiga ah.Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha culus, warshadaha fudud, warshadaha daruuriga ah maalin kasta, qurxinta dhismaha iyo warshadaha kale.10ka shirkadood ee ugu sareeya ee wax soo saarka birta ah ee caalamiga ah waa: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron iyo steel, South Korea POSCO birta iyo birta, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, ampron Europe, China Anshan Iron iyo birta, Lianzhong birta aan lahayn, Shiinaha Delong nikkel iyo Shiinaha Baosteel ahama.
Saamiga wax-soo-saarka birta-la'aanta ah ee caalamiga ah waa 56.3% Shiinaha, 15.1% Aasiya (marka laga reebo Shiinaha iyo Kuuriyada Koonfureed), 13% Yurub iyo 5% gudaha Mareykanka.Wax soo saarka Shiinaha aad ayuu uga sarreeyaa kuwa dalalka kale.
Bir cayriin
Aynu ka hadalno birta cayriin.Shiinaha 56.5%, Midowga Yurub 8.4%, India 5.3%, Japan 4.5%, Russia 3.9%, Maraykanka 3.9%, South Korea 3.6%, Turkey 1.9% iyo Brazil 1.7% .Shiinaha ayaa aad uga horreeya saamiga suuqa.
Isbarbardhigga alaabada kala duwan ee birta ah ee silsiladda qiimaha ah ee Ahraamta birta ah, qaabka tartanka suuqa dhabta ah kama turjumayo in Japan ay hogaaminaysay adduunka tobanaan sano.Maqaallo iyo muuqaalo badan oo internetka ah oo sheeganaya in birta Japan ay hogaamiso adduunka ayaa ka hadli doona jiilka shanaad ee superalloy hal crystal ah oo ay markii ugu horreysay samaysay Japan, taas oo ah saldhigga ugu weyn.
Waa in la ogaadaa in hal superalloy crystal ah ay tahay inuu dhex maro wax ka badan 15 sano oo wareeg ah oo horumarineed laga bilaabo horumarka ilaa qaan-gaarnimada.Tusaale ahaan, jiilka labaad ee superalloy crystal superalloy Ren é N5, oo si weyn loo isticmaalo GE, wuxuu bilaabay horumarinta daawaha horraantii 1980-yadii lamana dabaqin ilaa bartamihii iyo dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii.Jiilka labaad ee hal superalloy pwa1484, kaas oo si weyn u isticmaalo Pratt Whitney, wuxuu bilaabay horumar horaantii 1980-yadii lamana dabaqin F110 iyo aeroengines kale oo horumarsan ilaa bartamihii iyo dabayaaqadii 1990-aadkii.
Suurtagal maaha in mashaariicda mishiinada wadamada kale ay si degdeg ah u qaataan jiilka shanaad ee Japan ee aan qaan gaadhin superalloyIsticmaalka kaliya ee suurtogalka ah waa dagaalyahanka jiilka cusub ee Japan.Dowladda Japan ayaa qorsheyneysa in ay geyso dagaalyahan jiil cusub sanadka 2035-ka, taas oo ah, waxa ay qaadan doontaa waqti dheer in la arko jiilkan shanaad ee superalloy crystalline si ballaaran loo isticmaalo.Haddaba Japan Waa maxay waxqabadka jiilka shanaad ee superalloy crystal?Wax walba weli lama yaqaan.
Waa in aan ogaano in jiilka kowaad ilaa afraad ee Jabbaan aan si weyn loo isticmaalin, taas oo ku filan in ay muujiso in Japan-ka superalloys-ka hal-abuurka ahi uu dib u dhac ku yimid wakhtigan.Habka tartanka suuqa ee superalloy, qalabka iyo birta dhinta, birta sidata, birta xoogga aadka u sarreeya, birta aan lahayn iyo birta cayriin kama tarjumayso jiilka shanaad ee superalloy crystal in metallurgy Japan ay hogaaminaysay adduunka tobanaan sano oo aan run ahaantii ahayn. codsatay.Looma isticmaali karo in lagu caddeeyo in biraha Japan ay hogaaminaysay adduunka tobanaan sano, xitaa haddii qorayaasha maqaalladaas iyo fiidiyowyadaas ay awood u leeyihiin in ay mustaqbalka fogeeyaan, mana beddeli karto xaqiiqada.
Saxiibo badan ayaa waydiiyay, "maxay tahay sababta aysan u dhicin Shiinuhu?", dad badan ayaa ku jawaabay: "Mashiinka Shiinaha waa mid liita, daaweynta kulaylkuna ma fiicna."waxaa jira su'aalo iyo jawaabo badan oo isku mid ah.Dhab ahaantii, dad badani ma ogaan karaan in Shiinuhu kaliya ma bixiyo alaabta ceeriin - biraha u siinaya shirkadaha ajnabiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay bixisaa qaybo muhiim ah oo xitaa dhamaystirtay ganacsiyada ajnabiga ah ee caanka ah sida SKF ee Iswidhan, Schaeffler ee Jarmalka, Timken in Maraykanka iyo NSK ee Japan.
Marka la soo koobo, waxaa jira qayb gaar ah oo "laga sameeyay Shiinaha" oo ka mid ah toddobada wax soo saar ee ugu sarreeya adduunka.Shirkadaha wax soo saarka ee caanka ah sida SKF ee Iswidhan, Schaeffler ee Jarmalka, Timken ee Maraykanka iyo NSK ee Japan waxay iibsan karaan qaybaha Shiinaha iyo alaabta ceeriin ee dufcadaha, taas oo ku filan si loo caddeeyo in mashiinnada Shiinaha iyo daaweynta kulaylka ay la kulmi karaan farsamada macaamiisha. shuruudaha;Qaadashada xirmooyinka Shiinaha ee shirkadaha shisheeye ee caanka ah waxay sidoo kale sharxi karaan tayada iyo waxqabadka Shiinaha, taas oo buuxin karta baahida dhabta ah ee isticmaalayaasha.
Warshadaha wax-soo-saarka ee Shiinaha ayaa noqday kuwo aad iyo aad u bislaaday marka la horumariyo wakhtiga.Laga soo bilaabo aasaaska nidaamka warshadaha ilaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada, iyo korodhka wax soo saarka ee iibka sannadba sanadka ka dambeeya, waxaan u sheegi karnaa adduunka in Shiinuhu uu horeyba u yahay waddan aan la dhayalsan karin, iyo heerka wax-soo-saarka wax-soo-saarka ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka. !Sida calaamadda No. 1 e-commerce ee alaabada warshadaha Shiinaha, Mobei ayaa sidoo kale ku biirin doonta xooggeeda warshadaha wax soo saarka ee Shiinaha ee ku saleysan shuruudaha qaran ee Shiinaha, si "loogu sameeyay Shiinaha" laga maqli karo adduunka oo dhan!
Waqtiga post: Seb-27-2021